How Internet Works and how much kind of it

Today I am back with an interesting topic which is how the Internet works.

Let's Start!

About Vinton Gray Cerf

The Vinton Gray Cerf is an American Internet Pioneer. He was born in (June 23, 1943). Who is recognized as one of the fathers of the Internet? Sharing this title with TCP/IP co-inventor Bob Kahn. His acknowledge and lauded, repeatedly, with the honorary awards that include the National Media Of Technology, the Turing Award, the Presidental Medal Of Freedom, the Marconi Prize and membership in the National Academy Of Engineering. 

If you want to read more about Vint Cerf then click on the link: https://bit.ly/1je8u4g

Wired Communication Media

The data is physically transmitted from the source computer to the destination computer through the wired transmission medium.

Bounded media are made up of the external conductor (Usually Copper) bounded by the jacket material. Bounded media are great for LABS because they offer high speed, good security, and low cost. However, sometimes they cannot be used for distance communication. Three common types of bounded media are given below:→)

• Coaxial Cable
• Twisted Pairs Cable 
• Fibre Optics Cable 

Coaxial Cable 

Coaxial cable is very common and widely used communication media. For example, TV wire is usually coaxial. coaxial cable gets its name because it contains two conductors that are parallel to each other. The center conductor in the cable is usually copper. The copper can be either a sold wire or standard martial. 

Outside this central conductor is a  non-conductive material. It is usually white, the plastic material used to separate the inner conductor form the outer conductor. The other conductor is a fine mesh made from copper. Outside the copper, the mesh is the final protective cover. The actual data travels through the center conductor in the cable. 

Specialty Of Coaxial Cable 

• Low cost 
• Up to 10 Mbps capacity 

Advantages Of Coaxial Cable

• Inexpensive 
• Easy to expand

Disadvantage Of Coaxial Cable

• Single cable failure can take down an entire network

Twisted Pair Cable  

The most popular network cabling is twisted pair. It is lightweight, easy to install, inexpensive and supports many different types of network. It also supports the speed of 100 MPs. Twisted pair cabling is made of pairs of solid or stranded copper twisted along each other. The twists are done to reduce crosstalk. The number of pairs in the cable depends on the type. There are two types of twisted pairs cabling. 

• Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP)
• Shielded Twisted pair (STP)

1.  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

UTP is more common. It can be either voice grade or data grade depending on the condition. Unshielded Twisted Pair cost less than Shielded Twisted Pair and easily available due to its many uses. There are five levels of data cabling. 

Characteristics Of UTP

• Low cost 
• Easy to install
• High-speed capacity
• 100 Meter Limit  

Advantages Of UTP 

• Easy installation
• Capable of high speed for LAN
• Low cost

Disadvantages Of UTP

• It may be prone to radio and electrical frequency interference (It should not be too close to electric motors fluorescent lights etc,).

2.  Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

It is similar to UTP but has a mesh shielding that protects it from EMI which allows for higher transmission rate. 

IBM has defined category for STP cable.

Characteristics Of STP

• Medium Cost
• Easy to install
• Higher capacity than UTP
• 100-meter limit

Advantages Of STP

• Shielded
• Faster than UTP and coaxial 

Disadvantages Of STP

• More expensive than UTP and coaxial
• Difficult to install 

3.  Fibre Optics 

Fiber optic cable uses electrical signals to transmit data it uses light. In fiber optic cable light only moves in one direction for two way communication to take place the second connection must be made between the two devices. It is actually two strands of cable. Each stand is responsible for one direction of communication. A laser at one device sends the pulse of light through this cable to another device. These pulses translated into "1's" and "o's" at the other end. 

In the center of fiber cable is a glass stand or core. The light from the laser moves through this glass to the other device around the internal core is a reflective material known as cladding. No light escapes the glass core because of this reflecting cladding. 

Fibre optic cable has bandwidth more than 2gbps (Gigabytes per second)

 Characteristics Of Fibre Optic Cable

• Expensive
• Very hard to install 
• Capable of extremely high speed

Fibre Optic Cable Can Be Of  Two Types:→)

• Single node fiber optic cable: It supports a segment length up to 2 kms and bandwidth of up to 100 Mbps. 
• Multinode fiber optic cable: It has a segment a length of 100 km and of 2 Gbps.
  
  

Advantages Of Fiber Optic Cable

• Fast transmission of data 
• Small cable size

Disadvantage Of Fiber Optic Cable

• Very costly 
• Hard to install 

If you want to know that how much the Internet old go to the link given below: 

https://howoldistheinter.net/

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